党的十八大以来，商务部党组始终坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，加强党对商务工作的全面领导，坚决贯彻党中央、国务院决策部署，内外贸发展取得历史性成就、实现历史性变革。
一、扩内需促消费取得新进展
消费是最终需求，商务部坚定实施扩大内需战略，积极促进消费，扩大国内需求，发挥消费对经济循环的牵引带动作用。2021年社会消费品零售总额达44.1万亿元，比2012年增长1.1倍，最终消费贡献率达65.4%，比2012年提高10个百分点，消费仍然是经济稳定运行的“压舱石”。
消费结构优化升级。服务消费持续扩大，2021年人均服务性消费占居民消费比重为44.2%，比2013年提升4.5个百分点（
2013年开始统计）；2021年汽车销量2627.5万辆，比2012年增长36.1%，连续13年居全球首位；汽车保有量3.02亿辆，比2012年增长1.5倍；新能源汽车销量352.1万辆，约占全球销量一半，连续7年位居全球首位。
新型消费蓬勃发展。网络购物成为居民消费不可或缺的渠道，我国网络零售店铺数超过2000万家，2021年全国网上零售额13.1万亿元，其中实物商品网上零售额10.8万
亿元，占社零总额比重达24.5%。农村电商异军突起，2021年全国农村网络零售额达2.05万亿元，同比增长11.3%，，助力脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴。
消费平台不断创新。我们在上海、北京、广州、天津、重庆五个城市，率先培育建设国际消费中心城市，打造消费升级新高地、高水平对外开放平台，加快消费提质升级。成功举办首届中国国际消费品博览会，来自70个国家和地区（含中国）的1500多家企业参展，更好地满足了广大消费者对品质消费的需求。举办“消费促进月”“双品购物节”“老字号嘉年华”“中华美食荟”等消费促进活动，形成了一些特色街区、网红打卡地，进一步释放了消费潜力。
二、现代流通体系建设实现新突破
建设现代流通体系是新发展格局中的一项战略性任务。一直以来，商务部花大力气推动现代流通体系建设，规模持续扩大，结构不断升级，流通的基础性、先导性地位进一步巩固。2021年，批发和零售业增加值达11.0万亿元，比2012年增长1.2倍，占GDP比重达9.7%。我国流通体系建设取得了明显进展。
农村网络“补短板”。电子商务进农村综合示范项目累计支持1489个县，建设县级物流配送中心1212个，2021年农产品网络零售额4221亿元。据邮政部门统计，截至2021年底，全国快递乡镇网点覆盖率达到98%，80%以上的建制村实现快递进村，累计建成农村“邮乐购”站点34.8万个。
全国64%的乡镇邮政网点完成转型，“邮快合作”已覆盖31%的建制村。2021年，县域商业建设行动新建和改造县城综合商贸服务中心834个、乡镇商贸中心1858个、村级便民商店近3.7万个。
城市商业“增特色”。城市商业提升成效明显，推动建设428个一刻钟便民生活圈，带动就业50多万人，服务社区居民800多万人，带动社会投资135亿元。截至2021年底，品牌连锁便利店总数约25万家，服务便利化、品质化水平进一步提升。在全国范围内开展步行街改造提升试点，先后确定23条试点步行街。2020年、2021年分两批将南京夫子庙等11条步行街确认为“全国示范步行街”。2021年，23条全国试点步行街客流量、营业额同比分别增长10.2%、16.7%。
流通效率“上台阶”。商贸流通信息化、标准化、集约化水平持续提高，社会物流总费用与国内生产总值比率稳步下降，2021年为14.6%，较2012年下降3.4个百分点。标准托盘使用率达到35%，较2012年上升超过12个百分点。国内贸易流通体制改革发展综合试点顺利开展，取得30多项可复制推广的经验。促进流通发展的政策文件密集出台，覆盖主要行业的标准体系基本建成。基础标准和管理标准比例由2015年的50.3%提高到2020年的77.8%。截至2021年底，现行商务领域标准共861项，其中国家标准115项，行业标准746项。覆盖商务领域主要行业的标准体系已初步建立。
三、外贸高质量发展迈出新步伐
党中央、国务院高度重视外贸工作。党的十八大以来，我们扎实推进稳外贸，促进贸易创新发展，外贸发展取得历史性成就。2009年成为货物出口第一大国，2013年成为货物贸易第一大国，2020年我国货物与服务贸易总额跃居全球第一。2021年，货物贸易总额达6.05万亿美元。货物贸易出口的全球份额达15.1%。进口份额提高至11.9%，对全球进口增长的贡献率达13.4%。服务贸易规模连续八年世界第二，2021年突破8000亿美元，较2012年增长了70%。
综合竞争力不断增强。贸易自主发展能力显著增强，2021年一般贸易方式占我出口60.9%，比2012年提高12.7个百分点。新兴市场占我出口49.5%，比2012年提高6.2百分点。中西部地区占我出口20%，比2012年提高5.9个百分点。民营企业占我出口57.7%，比2012年提高20.1个百分点。高质量、高技术、高附加值产品出口快速增长，汽车出口额比2012年增长150.9%。内外贸一体化程度稳步提升，“同线同标同质”工作深入推进，“三同”公共信息服务不断完善。
新模式动能加速释放。跨境电商、市场采购等新业态新模式蓬勃发展。跨境电商综试区增至132个，区内企业建设海外仓超2000个。跨境电商进出口规模5年增长近10倍，2021年进出口1.92万亿元，同比增长18.6%。市场采购贸易方式试点增至31个，出口规模7年增长7倍，2021年出口0.93万亿元，同比增长32.1%，规模创历史新高。外贸综合服务企业超1500家，130多家保税维修项目带动就业2.4万人，离岸贸易稳步发展。
对经济增长贡献增大。2021年，货物与服务净出口拉动GDP增长1.7个百分点，对GDP增长贡献率达20.9%。外贸带动全国就业约1.8亿人，有力促进稳岗就业，跨境电商等新业态拓宽了社会灵活就业渠道。积极扩大进口，保障重要农产品和能源供给，增加消费品进口，满足人民多样化需求。货物贸易顺差6764亿美元，为保持国际收支平衡发挥重要作用。
进博会实现“越办越好”。我们已经成功举办了四届进博会，累计成交额达2722.7亿美元，引进了多种优质消费品和先进技术产品，让消费者不出国门就享受全球好货，进博会从供需两端发力，有力促进双循环良性互动。进博会已经成为新发展格局的窗口、高水平开放的载体、多边主义的舞台。第五届进博会的招商招展工作已经完成了70%以上，正在紧锣密鼓筹备中。
Major Achievements in Domestic and International Trade in the Past Decade
May 20, 2022
Ministry of Commerce
Since the 18th CPC National Congress, the Party leadership group of the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) has been working under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, strengthening the Party’s overall leadership in commerce work, and resolutely implementing the decisions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council. As a result, China has enabled historic achievements and transformations in developing its domestic and foreign trade.
1. New progress in expanding domestic demand and boosting consumption
Consumption represents the final demand. MOFCOM firmly implements the strategy of expanding domestic demand to boost consumption as a driving force for the economic circulation. In 2021, the total retail sales of consumer goods stood at 44.1 trillion yuan, up 110% from 2012; final consumption accounted for 65.4% of the sum, 10 percentage points higher than in 2012. These figures show that consumption remains the ballast of
economic stability.
The consumption structure has been upgraded. Services consumption is expanding. In 2021, the per capita consumption of services accounted for 44.2% of the total per capita consumption, growing by 4.5 percentage points from 2013[ Earliest statistics available.]. In 2021, China sold 26.275 million cars domestically, an increase of 36.1% compared with 2012, topping the world for 13 years in a row; the total number of cars in China reached 302 million, a 1.5-fold surge from 2012; 3.521 million new energy vehicles (NEVs) were sold, accounting for around half of all NEVs sold worldwide in that year, making China the largest NEV market for seven years straight.
New types of consumption are flourishing. Online shopping has become an indispensable channel for household consumption. China is home to over 20 million online retail stores. In 2021, it saw an online retail sales figure of 13.1 trillion yuan, with 10.8 trillion yuan for physical goods, accounting for 24.5% of the total retail sales of consumer products. Rural e-commerce has been booming, generating 2.05 trillion yuan in rural online retail sales in 2021, up by 11.3% year-on-year, contributes its unique share to poverty alleviation and rural revitalization.
Consumption platforms keep innovating. We have taken initial steps to cultivate international consumption center cities in Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Tianjin and Chongqing, to build new pacesetters of consumption upgrading and platforms of high-level opening-up, and accelerate consumption improvement and upgrading. We successfully held the first China International Consumer Products Expo, in which more than 1,500 companies from 70 countries and regions (including China) participated, to better satisfy consumers’ demand for quality consumption. We have also held consumption promotion activities such as the Consumption Promotion Month, the Brand and Quality Online Shopping Festival, the Time-Honored Brands Carnival and the China Cuisine Festival, and built specialty neighborhoods and internet-famous sites, to further unleash consumption potential.
2. New breakthroughs in developing a modern distribution system
Developing a modern distribution system is a strategic task in the building of a new development paradigm. From day one, MOFCOM has been working hard to advance a modern distribution system by expanding its scale, upgrading its structure and reinforcing its fundamental and pioneering role. In 2021, the value added to the wholesale and retail sectors reached 11.0 trillion yuan, which increased by 1.2-fold from 2012 to account for 9.7% of China’s GDP, signaling remarkable progress in building a modern distribution system in China.
Weak links have been bolstered in rural areas. Under the comprehensive demonstration project of bringing e-commerce to rural areas, support has been offered to a total of 1,489 counties, 1,212 county-level logistics distribution centers were built, and the online retail sales of agricultural produce reached 422.1 billion yuan in 2021. According to postal statistics, at the end of 2021, express delivery service outlets covered 98% of all villages and townships, more than 80% of the administrative villages enjoyed express delivery services, and 348,000 ule.com stores were built. Transformation was completed for 64% of the township postal stations, and the coverage of integrated postal and express delivery stations was extended to 31% of the administrative villages. In 2021, the county-level commerce development initiative supported the construction and renovation of 834 integrated county commercial service centers, 1,858 rural malls in villages and townships, and nearly 37,000 village convenience stores.
New characteristics have been fostered in urban commerce. Urban commercial upgrading has seen significant progress. 428 15-minute community service circles have been built, which have created over 500,000 jobs, helped more than 8 million people and pooled 13.5 billion of private investment. At the end of 2021, there were around 250,000 brand-name chain convenience stores in China, and the access to and quality of their service witnessed further improvement. We have launched pilot projects for the renovation of pedestrian shopping streets nationwide. Twenty-three pedestrian shopping streets are identified as pilot pedestrian shopping streets, and 11 pedestrian shopping streets, including Nanjing’s Confucius Temple Market, were named “national demonstration pedestrian shopping streets in two batches in 2020 and 2021. In 2021, the 23 pilot streets saw a year-on-year growth of 10.2% in visits and 16.7% in revenue.
Improved distribution efficiency. We continued to promote digitalization, standardization, and intensification in commercial distribution. Total logistics cost steadily declined as a share of GDP, to 14.6% in 2021, down by 3.4 percentage points from 2012. Standard pallet utilization rate reached 35%, up by more than 12 percentage points from 2012. We rolled out the pilot program for the comprehensive reform and development of domestic trade distribution system, and gained over 30 replicable practices. We introduced a number of policies for the development of the distribution system, and put in place a basic standard system covering main industries. The proportion of basic and management standards rose from 50.3% in 2015 to 77.8% in 2020. By the end of 2021, there were 861 current standards in relation to commerce, including 115 national standards and 746 industry standards. A standard system covering the major commercial industries has taken shape.
Third, great strides in the high-quality development of foreign trade.
The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attach great importance to foreign trade. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, we have taken solid steps and innovative means to keep foreign trade stable, and reached historic milestones in its development. China became the world’s largest exporter of goods in 2009, the largest trader of goods in 2013, and the world’s largest trader in goods and services in 2020. In 2021, China’s trade in goods reached USD6.05 trillion. China accounted for 15.1% of global export. China took up 11.9% of global import, contributing 13.4% to import growth worldwide. China’s trade in services has ranked second in the world for eight consecutive years, and surpassed USD800 billion in 2021, up 70% from 2012.
Stronger comprehensive competitiveness. The independent development capacity of trade has strengthened significantly. 60.9% of export in 2021 was completed through general trade, up by 12.7 percentage points from 2012. 49.5% of the export went to emerging markets, up by 6.2 percentage points from a decade ago. 20% of the export were sourced from central and western regions, up by 5.9 percentage points from 2012. Private enterprises accounted for 57.7% of export, up by 20.1 percentage points in ten years. The past decade also witnessed rapid growth in the export of high-quality, high-tech, high value-added products, most notably, a surge of 150.9% in auto export. In the past decade, domestic and foreign trade integrated steadily, thanks in part to efforts to hold the products from the same production line to the same quality standards, and enhance public information service in this regard.
Stronger impetus from new business models. Cross-border e-commerce, market procurement and other new business forms and models continued to flourish. The number of comprehensive pilot zones for cross-border e-commerce increased to 132, equipped with over 2,000 overseas warehouses. The import and export through cross-border e-commerce grew nearly 10 times in 5 years, reaching RMB1.92 trillion yuan in 2021, up 18.6% year-on-year. The pilot programs for market procurement trade increased to 31, raising the export volume by 7 times in 7 years and delivering a record high of RMB0.93 trillion in 2021, up by 32.1%. There are now over 1,500 businesses providing integrated services in support of foreign trade, including over 130 bonded maintenance service providers with 24,000 employees. Steady progress has also been made in offshore trade.
Greater contribution to economic growth. In 2021, the net export of goods and services drove up GDP by 1.7 percentage points, contributing 20.9% to GDP growth. Foreign trade contributed to stable national employment by creating about 180 million jobs, and new business models like cross-border e-commerce opened up new channels for flexible employment. We actively expanded import to ensure the supply of important agricultural products and energy, and increased consumer goods import to meet diversified needs. Trade surplus was kept at USD676.4 billion.
Greater success of the CIIE. We have held four successful sessions of the CIIE, with deals totaling USD272.27 billion. A variety of high-quality consumer goods and advanced technology products have been introduced through this platform, allowing consumers to enjoy quality products from around the world without having to traveling abroad. With the focus on both the supply and demand side, the CIIE has greatly enhanced the healthy interplay of domestic and international circulations, and become a window of the new development paradigm, and a forum to uphold high-level opening-up and multilateralism. The visitor and exhibitor promotion for the 5th CIIE is now more than 70% complete, and other preparations are well under way.
